Introduction: Alternative punishments of imprisonment, which are called as a new approach of the penal system to fight against the negative consequences of prison, have many effects and consequences that need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, while examining the types of alternative punishments, the moral and social effects of the implementation of these punishments have been explored. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. In this study, in order to provide an appropriate answer to the question presented, by referring to the theoretical bases (books) and articles published in the ISC, Magiran, Civilica, SID and Ensani in the years 2011 to 2023 and with the method of extracting the existing legal provisions, the effectiveness of this type of punishment was also criticized in reaching the intended goals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that with the implementation of such punishments, the level of public trust, the growth of morals and social capital in the society will also improve. Therefore, the implementation of these punishments, while reducing the criminal population of prisoners and reforming them, provides better implementation of social justice and improvement of public trust, emotional and financial support for the families of criminals

This paper tests whether positive and negative monetary shocks have symmetric effects on output growth. The new classical models imply symmetric effects. While new Keynesian models predict Asymmetric effects. New Keynesians argue credit rationing and the downward inflexibility of wages and prices are the primary reasons for the Asymmetric effects. This paper tests this proposition by utilizing three different methods, namely Two - Step OLS procedure used by Barro, Nonlinear Least Squares and SUR, for the Iranian economy during the period 1959 - 1990. The results support the hypothesis of Asymmetric effects of monetary shocks. More specifically, positive shocks have no significant effects on output growth while negative shocks have a negative effect on output growth.

This work deals with effects of Asymmetric stiffness on the dynamic behaviour of the rotor system. The analysis is presented through an extended Lagrangian Hamiltonian mechanics on the Asymmetric rotor system, where symmetries are broken in terms of the rotor stiffness. The complete dynamics of asymmetries of rotor system is investigated with a case study. In this work, a mathematical model is developed considering symmetry breaking of a finite rotor due to stiffness. The natural frequency and amplitude of the rotor are obtained analytically through extended Lagrangian formulation. The asymmetries in rotor are also modeled through bond graph modeling technique for the computational analysis. The simulation result shows a considerable agreement with the analytical results. The limiting dynamics of rotor is shown and analyzed through simulation.

Women's employment is one of the most important issues for government officials because unemployment of this group of people is one of the most important socio-economic challenges that can have devastating effects on economic growth. Business cycles are one of the factors that cause changes in the employment status of women and affect the share of women's employment in times of recession and boom. Therefore, the present study, using the NARDL method, has investigated the Asymmetric effects of business cycles on women's employment share of Iran during the period 1966-2018. The results indicate that a positive or negative shock in business cycles has Asymmetric effects on women's employment share. The results also showed that in the short term, positive business shock, negative and significant effect,and the negative shock of business cycles has a positive and significant effect on the share of women's employment and in the long run, this effect will last. other results show that in the short and long term, the fertility rate variable has a negative and significant effect on the share of women's employment. however, the significant effect of variables government spending on education and inflation rates on the share of women's employment in the short and long term is rejected. also, the minimum wage variable has a positive and significant effect on the share of women's employment in the short and long term.